Historija Katedre

Od osnivanja Farmaceutskog fakulteta 1973/74. godine nastavu za studente iz predmeta u oblastiprirodnih nauka izvodili su nastavnici i saradnici s Prirodno-matematičkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu do 1992. godine.

Od 1993. do 2002. godine nastavu na predmetima iz oblasti prirodnih nauka izvode nastavnici i saradnici stalno uposleni na Farmaceutskom fakultetu. U ovom periodu pojedinačni nastavni predmeti bili su samostalni kolegiji.

Katedra za prirodno-matematičke predmete u farmaciji Farmaceutskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu formirana je 2002. godine, nakon objedinjavanja nastavnih predmeta iz oblasti prirodnih nauka, a koji se izučavaju na Farmaceutskom fakultetu.

U 2022. godini mijenja se naziv u Katedra za hemiju u farmaciji.

Nastavno-naučno i stručno osoblje koje trenutno sudjeluje u nastavi: 

Prof. dr. Šaćira Mandal redovna profesorica Google Scholar ORCID CV    |   CV-en	Prof. dr. Aida Šapčanin redovna profesorica Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en	Prof. dr. Hurija Džudžević-Čančar redovna profesorica Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en	Prof. dr. Mirsada Salihović redovna profesorica Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en

Prof. dr. Mirha Pazalja vanredna profesorica Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en	Doc.dr. Alema Dedić-Mahmutović docentica Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en	Doc. dr. Emina Ramić docentica Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en	Doc. dr. Amra Alispahić docentica Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en

Selma Korać viša asistentica Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en	Mediha Čubro prof. hemije viši samostalni laborant	Mubera Pehlivanović viši laborant	Melita Kurtović laborant

Nastavna djelatnost

Nastavnici i saradnici Katedre realiziraju teoretsku i praktičnu nastavu na I, II, III i V godini integrisanog studija i III ciklusu studija Farmaceutskog fakulteta iz sljedećih obaveznih i izbornih predmeta: Opšta hemija, Analitička hemija I, Analitička hemija II, Odabrana poglavlja iz Analitičke hemije – Bioanalitička hemija, Odabrana poglavlja iz Analitičke hemije – Analitika elemenata u tragovima, Odabrana poglavlja iz Analitičke hemije – Slobodni radikali i antioksidansi, Savremeni pristup istraživanjima u analizi masnih kiselina, Anorganska hemija, Odabrana poglavlja iz Anorganske hemije – Hemija bioelemenata, Organska hemija I, Organska hemija II, Odabrana poglavlja iz organske hemije – Mehanizmi sinteze biološki aktivnih spojeva, Heterociklusi u strukturi farmaceutski aktivnih supstanci, Organska hemija u sintezi lijekova, CSF biomarkeri Alzheimerove demencije, MAOS i ekstrakcije bioaktivnih spojeva, Mikrotalasno potpomognute Zelene sinteze bioaktivnih spojeva, Savremeni pristup ekstrakciji i analizi volatila iz prirodnih materijala, Hiralna hromatografija – primjena na prirodnim materijalima, Fizikalna hemija I, Fizikalna hemija II, Odabrana poglavlja iz Fizikalne hemije – Koloidna hemija.

Naučna i stručna djelatnost

Istraživanja u koja su uključeni članovi Katedre izvode se u okviru projekata finansiranih od strane Ministarstva za nauku, visoko obrazovanje i mlade Kantona Sarajevo i Federalnog ministarstva obrazovanja i nauke BiH. Naučni interes uposlenika Katedre kreće se u više pravaca:

• usavršavanje analitičko-hemijskih metoda za mjerenje antioksidativnog kapaciteta tkiva i tjelesnih tekućina (ORAC i druge spektrofluorimetrijske i fotometrijske metode);
• slobodni radikali i njihova uloga u neurodegeneraciji, posebno u Parkinsonovoj i Alzheimerovoj bolesti;
• prirodni antioksidansi, polifenoli, flavonoidi, antocijanidini i antocijanidinski glikozidi;
• odnos strukture i antioksidativnog djelovanja čistih organskih molekula i biomolekula;
• eksperimentalni modeli Alzheimerove bolesti, dijabetes mellitusa i cerebralnih bolesti, aloksan i streptozotocin model;
• analitika anorganskih i organskih polutanata u zemljištu i procjene zdravstvenog rizika;
• analitika slobodnih masnih kiselina – struktura u zdravlju i bolesti te razvoj specifičnih i osjetljivih metoda za identifikaciju masnih kiselina i njihovih metaboličkih derivata;
• istraživanje mehanizma i signalnih puteva masnih kiselina uključenih u regulaciju ekspresije i aktivnosti određenih gena u tip 2 dijabetes mellitusu i u drugim bolestima; buduća istraživanja fokusirana su na masne kiseline i slobodne masne kiseline u metabolomskim, a posebno lipidomskim istraživanjima;
• sinteza i strukturna karakterizacija novih acikličkih nukleozida i njihova biološka aktivnost;
• elektrohemijska karakterizacija rutenijevih kompleksnih spojeva i razvoj novih senzora za određene analite upotrebom rutenijevih kompleksa kao medijatora;
• analiza anorganskih polutanata u zraku, biomonitoring kvaliteta zraka, okolinska hemija, hemija hrane, procjene zdravstvenog rizika;
• sinteza i strukturna karakterizacija kompleksnih spojeva sa Šifovim bazama;
• elektrokataliza i korozija materijala, sinteza materijala za konverziju i skladištenje energije;
• određivanje elektrohemijskih parametara polielektrolita i provodljivih polimera;
• detekcija i kvantifikacija beta-amiloida i tau-proteina kao biomarkera Alzheimerove bolesti u cerebrospinalnom likvoru;
• konstrukcija biosenzora acetilkolinesteraze od kompozita konjugirani polimeri – nanočestice, za detekciju organofosfornih pesticide;
• mikrotalasima potpomognuta organska sinteza bioaktivnih spojeva;
• mikrotalasima potpomognuta ekstrakcija prirodnih produkata;
• primjena principa zelene hemije u organskoj sintezi i ekstrakciji bioaktivnih spojeva;
• prekoncentriranje teških metala na oksidima Ce i Zr modificiranih različitim reagensima i njihovo određivanje AAS;
• određivanje mineralnog sastava prirodnih produkata metodom AAS;
• analiza fazne stabilnosti proteina za primjenu u farmaceutskoj i prehrambenoj industriji;
• ekstrakcija volatila metodom mikroekstrakcije na čvrstoj fazi (HS-SPME) različitim adsorpcijskim vlakanima;
• hemijska karakterizacija različitih biljnih ekstrakata i eteričnih ulja primjenom GS-MS, HPLC, hiralne hromatografije, FTIR i UV-vis spektrometrije;
• analiza genotoksičnosti i citotoksičnosti biljnih ekstrakata;
• određivanje in silico/in vitro antioksidativne, antimikrobne, antibakterijske, antifungalne i antiproliferativne aktivnosti prirodnih produkata;
• analiza fitosterola HPLC metodom;
• razvoj i validacija metode za određivanje teških metala u farmaceutskim produktima;
• razvoj i validacija metode za određivanje fitosterola.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY IN PHARMACY

History of the Department

From the establishment of the Faculty of Pharmacy in 1973/74 until 1992, classes for students in the field of natural sciences were delivered by teachers and associates from the Faculty of Science of the University of Sarajevo. From 1993 to 2002, classes in courses in the field of natural sciences was delivered by teachers and teachinmg assistants permanently employed at the Faculty of Pharmacy. In this period, individual courses were designed as independent. The Department for science and mathematical courses in pharmacy of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Sarajevo was formed in 2002, after the unification of courses from the area of science, which were studied at the Faculty of Pharmacy. In 2022, its name was changed to the Department of Chemistry in Pharmacy.

Teaching and professional staff currently involved in the teaching process

• Full Professor Aida Šapčanin, from 1996
• Full Professor Šaćira Mandal, from 1997
• Full Professor Hurija Džudžević Čančar, from 2004
• Full Professor Mirsada Salihović, from 2006
• Associate Professor Mirha Pazalja, from 2007
• Assistant Professor Emina Ramić, from 2013
• Assistant Professor Alema Dedić-Mahmutović, from 2013
• Assistant Professor Amra Alispahić, from 2007
• Senior Assistant Selma Korać, master physico-chemist, from 2018
• Senior Laboratory Assistant Mubera Pehlivanović, from 1996
• Senior Independent Laboratory Assistant Mediha Čubro, prof. chem., from 2000
• Laboratory Assistant Melita Kurtović, from 2023

Teaching activities

The teachers and teaching assistants of the Department carry out theoretical and practical classes in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 5th years of the integrated study and the 3rd cycle of studies of the Faculty of Pharmacy from compulsory and elective courses, as follows: General Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry I, Analytical Chemistry II, Selected Chapters from Analytical Chemistry Chemistry – Bioanalytical Chemistry, Selected Chapters from Analytical Chemistry – Analysis of Trace Elements, Selected Chapters from Analytical Chemistry – Free Radicals and Antioxidants, Modern Approach to Research in Fatty Acid Analysis, Inorganic chemistry, Selected chapters from Inorganic chemistry – Chemistry of bioelements, Organic Chemistry I, Organic Chemistry II, Selected Chapters in Organic Chemistry – Mechanisms of the synthesis of biologically active compounds, Heterocycles in the structure of pharmaceutical active substances, Organic chemistry in drug synthesis, CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer's dementia, MAOS and extractions of of bioactive compounds, Microwave-assisted green synthesis of bioactive compounds, Chiral chromatography on natural materials, A modern approach to the extraction and analysis of volatiles from natural materials, Physical Chemistry I, Physical Chemistry II, Selected Chapters in Physical Chemistry – Colloidal Chemistry

Academic and professional activities

• Research in which members of the Department are involved is carried out within the framework of projects financed by the Ministry of Science, Higher Education and Youth of the Canton Sarajevo and the Federal Ministry of Education and Science of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The scientific interest of the Department's employees moves in several directions:improvement of analytical-chemical methods for measuring the antioxidant capacity of tissues and body fluids (ORAC and other spectrofluorimetric and photometric methods);
• free radicals and their role in neurodegeneration, especially in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease;
• natural antioxidants, polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanidins and anthocyanidin glycosides;
• the relationship between the structure and antioxidant activity of pure organic molecules and biomolecules;
• experimental models of Alzheimer's disease, diabetes mellitus and cerebral diseases, alloxan and streptozotocin model;
• analysis of inorganic and organic pollutants in soil and health risk assessments;
• analysis of free fatty acids – structure in health and disease and the development of specific and sensitive methods for the identification of fatty acids and their metabolic derivatives;
• research into the mechanism and signaling pathways of fatty acids involved in the regulation of the expression and activity of certain genes in type 2 diabetes mellitus and other diseases; future research is focused on fatty acids and free fatty acids in metabolomic and especially lipidomic research;
• synthesis and structural characterization of new acyclic nucleosides and their biological activity;
• electrochemical characterization of ruthenium complex compounds and development of new sensors for specific analytes using ruthenium complexes as mediators;
• analysis of inorganic pollutants in the air, biomonitoring of air quality, environmental chemistry, food chemistry and health risk assessments;
• electrocatalysis and material corrosion, synthesis of energy conversion and storage materials;
• determination of electrochemical parameters of polyelectrolytes and conducting polymers;
• detection and quantification of beta-amyloid and tau protein as the biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in cerebrospinal fluid;
• acetylcholinesterase biosensor construction from conjugated polymers-nanoparticle composites for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides;
• microwave assisted organic synthesis of molecules with biological activity;
• microwave assisted extraction of natural products;
• application of green chemistry principles in the synthesis and extraction of bioactive compounds;
• preconcentration of heavy metals on Ce and Zr oxides modified with different reagents and their determination by AAS;
• determination of the mineral composition of natural products by the AAS method;
• protein phase stability analysis for application in the pharmaceutical and food industries;
• extraction of volatiles by headspace solid-phase microextraction on different adsorption fibers;
• chemical characterization of different plant extracts and essential oils by HPLC, GS-MS, Chiral chromatography, FTIR, and UV-vis spectrometry;
• in silico and in vitro determination of the antioxidative, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiproliferative activity of natural products;
• in vitro determination of the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of natural product samples against different human cancer cell lines;
• HPLC analysis of phytosterols;
• development and validation of a method for heavy metal detection in pharmaceutical products;
• development and validation of the method for phytosterol determination.

Historija Katedre

Od osnivanja Farmaceutskog fakulteta 1974. godine, egzistirala je Katedra za farmakologiju i toksikologiju koja je bila locirana na Institutu za farmakologiju, kliničku farmakologiju i toksikologiju „Pavel Stern“ Medicinskog fakulteta u Sarajevu. Prvi nastavnik je bio akademik prof. dr. Seid Huković, a prvi asistent dr. Nedžad Mulabegović. Vremenom predmet Farmakologija i toksikologija biva pridružen Katedri za medicinske predmete u farmaciji. Nakon odlaska u penziju prof. dr Seida Hukovića, katedrom rukovodi prof. dr Irfan Zulić sve do 2003. godine. Nakon toga katedrom rukovodi prof. dr Nedžad Mulabegović. U decembru 1995. godine u zvanje asistenta na nastavni predmet Farmakologija i toksikologija izabran je Fahir Bečić. Devedesetih godina prošloga stoljeća na inicijativu prof. dr Irfana Zulića u nastavni plan se uvode predmeti Farmakokinetika te Klinička farmacija. Prvi asistent koji je izabran na ove predmete je bila mr. ph. Selma Hadžić 1994. godine, a prvi birani nastavnik u zvanju docenta je bila doc. dr. Aida Mehmedagić 1998. godine. Do vremena izbora nastavnika na predmetu Farmakokinetika, Katedra za kliničku farmaciju je bila locirana na tadašnjem Institutu za farmakologiju i toksikologiju Medicinskog fakulteta.

Prelaskom Farmaceutskog fakulteta u prostorije Kampusa Univerziteta u Sarajevu 2012. godine, predmet Farmakologija biva inkorporiran u Katedru za kliničku farmaciju, a za rukovoditeljicu Katedre se bira prof. dr. Aida Mehmedagić. Od 2021. godine Katedra nosi naziv Katedra za farmakologiju i kliničku farmaciju.

Nastavno-naučno i stručno osoblje koje trenutno sudjeluje u nastavi

Prof. dr. Fahir Bečić  redovni profesor Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en	Prof. dr. Selma Škrbo vanredna profesorica| Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en	Prof. dr. Nermina Žiga Smajić vanredna profesorica Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en

Doc. dr. Belma Pehlivanović Kelle docentica Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en	Dina Lagumdžija, mr. ph. viša asistentica Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en	Naida Omerović Ćorović, mr. ph. viša asistentica Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en

Nastavna djelatnost

Nastavna djelatnost na Katedri provodi se na integrisanom studiju prvog (I) i drugog (II) ciklusa kroz obavezne i izborne predmete, kao i na doktorskim akademskim studijama iz oblasti farmakologije i kliničke farmacije. Nastavnici Katedre također učestvuju u izvođenju programa specijalističke profesionalne edukacije za magistre farmacije. Obavezni predmeti na Katedri su: Farmakologija I, Farmakologija II, Farmakokinetika, Klinička farmacija, Farmakoterapija i Farmaceutska njega. Na Katedri se nastava izvodi i na šest izbornih predmeta koje studenti mogu birati u VI i IX semestru studija.

Naučna i stručna djelatnost

U okviru Katedre obavlja se naučnoistraživački rad koji obuhvata pretkliničke studije eksperimentalne farmakologije na animalnim modelima inducirane bolesti, populacionu farmakokinetičku analizu, modelovanje i simulacije farmakokinetičkih podataka, metabolizam lijekova, farmakokinetičku procjenu određenih terapijskih problema, kao i ispitivanja komplijanse, interakcija i neželjenih reakcija lijekova.

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY AND CLINICAL PHARMACY

History of the Department

Since the establishment of the Faculty of Pharmacy in 1974, the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology has existed, located at the Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology, and Toxicology "Pavel Stern" at the Medical Faculty in Sarajevo. The first teacher was academician Prof. Dr. Seid Huković, and the first assistant was Dr. Nedžad Mulabegović. Over time, the subject of Pharmacology and Toxicology was joined to the Department of Medical Subjects in Pharmacy. After the retirement of Prof. Dr. Seid Huković, the department was headed by Prof. Dr. Irfan Zulić until 2003. Following that, the department was led by Prof. Dr. Nedžad Mulabegović. In December 1995, Fahir Bečić was elected to the position of assistant in the subject of Pharmacology and Toxicology. In the 1990s, at the initiative of Prof. Dr. Irfan Zulić, the curriculum introduced the subjects of Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacy. The first assistant elected for these subjects was Mr. Ph. Selma Hadžić in 1994, and the first elected teacher with the title of Assistant Professor was Doc. Dr. Aida Mehmedagić in 1998. Until the appointment of teachers in the subject of Pharmacokinetics, the Department of Clinical Pharmacy was located at the then-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology at the Medical Faculty.

With the move of the Faculty of Pharmacy to the premises of the University of Sarajevo Campus in 2012, the subject of Pharmacology was incorporated into the Department of Clinical Pharmacy, and Prof. Dr. Aida Mehmedagić was elected as the head of the department. Since 2021, the department has been named the Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy.

Teaching and professional staff currently involved in the teaching process

• Full Professor Fahir Bečić, from 1995
• Associate Professor Selma Škrbo, from 1994
• Associate Professor Nermina Žiga Smajić, from 2010
• Assistant Professor Belma Pehlivanović Kelle, from 2018
• Senior Teaching and Research Assistant Dina Lagumdžija, MPharm, from 2018
• Senior Teaching and Research Assistant Naida Omerović Ćorović, MPharm, from 2018

Teaching activities

Teaching activities at the Department are carried out as part of the integrated studies of the first and second cycle through compulsory and elective courses, as well as part of the third cycle -PhD studies in the field of pharmacology and clinical pharmacy. The teachers of the Department also take part in the implementation of the specialist professional education program for Masters of Pharmacy. Compulsory courses at the Department are Pharmacology I, Pharmacology II, Pharmacokinetics, Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care. At the Department, teaching activities are also conducted in six elective courses that students can choose in the 6^th and 9^th semester of their studies.

Academic and professional activities

Academic activities carried out at the Department  include preclinical studies of experimental pharmacology on animal models of induced diseases, population pharmacokinetic analysis, modelling and simulation of pharmacokinetic data, drug metabolism, pharmacokinetic assessment of certain therapeutic problems, as well as tests of compliance, interactions and adverse drug reactions.

Historija Katedre

Katedra za farmakognoziju osnovana je 1975. godine i predstavlja jednu od najstarijih katedri na Univerzitetu u Sarajevu – Farmaceutskom fakultetu. Predmeti koji je čine dio su naučne discipline koja se izučava u visokoškolskim institucijama širom svijeta u kojima se stječu farmaceutska znanja i vještine već više od dva vijeka. Katedra je počela s radom u malom prostoru koji su sačinjavali praktikum, asistentska soba, laboratorij za hemiju droga i jedna nastavnička soba. Oprema za izvođenje laboratorijskih vježbi nabavljana je od samog početka rada Katedre i zadovoljavala je potrebe nastavnog procesa. Opremu su sačinjavali laboratorijski stolovi, analitičke vage, mikroskopi, aparat za destilaciju i uređaji za sušenje i usitnjavanje droga.

Na Univerzitetu u Sarajevu – Farmaceutskom fakultetu nastavni i istraživački proces iz oblasti farmakognozije vodili su eminentni profesori. Prvi nastavnik i šef Katedre bila je akademik prof. dr. Jela Grujić-Vasić do 1988. godine, a nakon  toga u nastavni proces uključuju se nastavnici iz Beograda i Zagreba – prof. dr. Momčilo Gorunović i prof. dr. Danica Kuštrak. U zvanje docenta izabrane su Tamara Bosnić 1990. godine i Elvira Kovač-Bešović 1993. godine.  Prof. dr. Elvira Kovač-Bešović vodila je Katedru do 2017. godine, kada kao redovni profesor odlazi u penziju.

Danas Katedra za farmakognoziju predstavlja jedinstvenu cjelinu koju čine kancelarijske prostorije, praktikum za mikroskopske vježbe, laboratorij za hemijske vježbe studenata, kao i laboratorij za istraživački rad nastavnika i saradnika. Laboratorije su opremljene savremenom opremom za ispitivanje ljekovitog bilja, uključujući laboratorijsku opremu i aparaturu za analizu biljnih sirovina po farmakopejskim propisima, pripremu i optimizaciju postupaka dobijanja ljekovitih biljnih pripravaka, izolaciju eteričnih ulja, separaciju i izolaciju pojedinačnih aktivnih principa za potrebe analitičkih i bioloških ispitivanja.

Nastavnici koji trenutno vode nastavni proces na Katedri su prof. dr. Kemal Durić, kao redovni profesor od 2021. godine, i prof. dr. Haris Nikšić, kao vanredni profesor od 2020. godine.  

​Na Katedri se izučavaju prirodni ljekoviti spojevi prisutni u biljkama, životinjama i mikrobima, s kopna i mora, a odnedavno istraživanja uključuju fitoterapiju i dodatke prehrani. Veliki broj biljnih vrsta predstavlja neiscrpan izvor za naučno istraživanje, a rezultati koji proistječu iz takvih istraživanja povećavaju mogućnost sigurnije upotrebe biljnih pripravaka u globalnoj zdravstvenoj zaštiti.

Nastavno osoblje Katedre tokom cijelog perioda njenog postojanja dalo je značajan doprinos u radu, vođenju, razvoju i unapređenju Fakulteta  kroz aktivni rad dvaju dekana, prodekana za nastavu, voditelja doktorskog studija i mnogobrojne druge funkcije i aktivnosti. 

Na Katedri se aktivno u nastavi i istraživačkoj djelatnosti koriste i govore: engleski, italijanski, njemački, mađarski, francuski i slovenački jezik. 

Nastavno-naučno i stručno osoblje koje trenutno sudjeluje u nastavi

Prof. dr. Kemal Durić redovni professor Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en	Prof. dr. Haris Nikšić vanredni profesor Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en	Irma Gušić, mr. ph. viša asistentica Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en	Emina Korić, mr. ph. viša asistentica Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en	Vedad Hodo farmaceutski tehničar

Nastavna djelatnost

Programi koji se izvode na Katedri u sklopu obaveznih predmeta i izbornih predmeta uključuju kvalitetno osmišljene programe koji idu u korak s najsavremenijim dostignućima iz navedenih oblasti, za studente integrisanog i trećeg ciklusa studija. Katedra predstavlja naučnu bazu za izvođenje teoretskog i praktičnog dijela nastave istraživanja na III ciklusu studija – doktorski studij i specijalizacije iz oblasti fitofarmacije u sklopu saradnje s Federalnim ministarstvom zdravstva. 

U sklopu programa cjeloživotnog učenja na Katedri je organizirana Škola aplikativne fitoterapije, namijenjena laureatima biomedicinskih disciplina. Ima za cilj odgovoriti na sve veće zahtjeve od strane magistara farmacije, ljekara i drugih zainteresiranih koji rade u sektoru proizvodnje i primjene prirodnih produkata, kao i na potrebe stalne edukacije predviđene zakonom za ove profesije.

Nastavno osoblje Katedre doprinosi razvoju i učestvuje u provođenju nastavnog procesa za studente integrisanog i trećeg ciklusa studija na drugim javnim univerzitetima u Bosni i Hercegovini, Farmaceutskom fakultetu u Tuzli i na Univerzitetu “Džemal Bijedić” u Mostaru. 

Pored navedenog nastavnici provode i organiziraju stalnu profesionalnu edukaciju iz oblasti fitoterapije i homeopatije za sve zdravstvene radnike u saradnji sa svim strukovnim udruženjima i komorama magistara farmacije. Također, nastavnici učestvuju kao predavači u programima cjeloživotnog učenja na univerzitetima u Ljubljani i Zagrebu. 

Naučna i stručna djelatnost

Metaboliti iz prirodnih izvora kroz filogenetsko stablo uvijek su igrali važnu ulogu u farmaciji, fiziologiji, biohemiji, farmakologiji, otkrivanju novih lijekova i medicini. Njihova separacija, hemijska analiza i farmakološka/biološka aktivnost ključni su elementi savremene farmakognozije i to je čini visoko interdisciplinarnim područjem istraživanja. 

To je razlog što je u naučnom i stručnom smislu Katedra ostvarila saradnju s velikim brojem drugih institucija u smislu baze za izradu magistarskih, doktorskih i specijalističkih teza, kao i naučnoistraživačkih projekata. U tom smislu na velikom broju interdisciplinarnih projekata koordinirano rade timovi koji uključuju osoblje s Katedre i Instituta za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju, Univerziteta u Sarajevu – Veterinarskog fakulteta, Univerziteta u Sarajevu – Šumarskog fakulteta, Univerziteta u Sarajevu – Medicinskog fakulteta, s Fakulteta zdravstvenih studija Univerziteta u Ljubljani, Instituta za farmakognoziju Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Instituta za istraživanje prirodnih produkata Univerziteta Ilinois Chicago, Instituta za prirodne nauke Univerziteta u Trstu. 

U sklopu stručne djelatnosti nastavnici s Katedre, specijalisti iz oblasti fitofarmacije, u saradnji s Federalnim ministarstvom zdravstva, daju stručna i naučna mišljenja za preparate na biljnoj bazi koji se registruju na području Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine. 

Nastavno osoblje Katedre učestvovalo je u radu velikog broja komisija za izradu magistarskih, doktorskih i specijalističkih radova. 

Prof. dr. Kemal Durić prvi je dobitnik Fulbright stipendije na Univerzitetu u Sarajevu – Farmaceutskom fakultetu, u sklopu koje je akademsku 2015–2016. godinu proveo kao istraživač na Farmaceutskom fakultetu Univerziteta Ilinois u Chicagu. 

Prof. dr. Kemal Durić kao član Komisije za farmakopeju ispred Agencije za lijekove Bosne i Hercegovine bio je jedan od autora izrade prvog izdanja Farmakopeje Bosne i Hercegovine (2022).

Nastavno osoblje Katedre čine članovi Društva za istraživanje ljekovitih biljaka (engl. Society for Medicinal Plants and Natural Product Research (GA)).

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY

History of the Department

The Department of Pharmacognosy was established in 1975 and is one of the oldest departments at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo. The courses comprising this Department are part of a scientific discipline studied at higher education institutions worldwide, where pharmaceutical knowledge and skills have been acquired for over two centuries. The Department started in a small space consisting of a laboratory, assistant's room, a drug chemistry laboratory, and one classroom. Equipment for carrying out practical work with students was procured from the beginning and satisfied the needs of the teaching process. The equipment included laboratory benches, analytical balances, microscopes, distillation apparatus, and devices for drying and grinding drugs.

At the University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Pharmacy, the teaching and research process in the field of pharmacognosy was led by eminent professors. The first lecturer and head of the Department was academician Prof. dr. Jela Grujić-Vasić until 1988. Thereafter, professors from Belgrade and Zagreb, Prof. dr. Momčilo Gorunović and Prof. dr. Danica Kuštrak became involved in the teaching process. Tamara Bosnić was appointed an associate professor in 1990, and Elvira Kovač-Bešović in 1993. Prof. dr. Elvira Kovač-Bešović headed the Department until 2017 when she retired as a full professor.

Today, the Department of Pharmacognosy is a unified entity comprising office spaces, a laboratory for microscopy, analitical laboratory, and research laboratorie for preparation, extraction and isolation. The laboratories are equipped with modern equipment for testing medicinal plants, including laboratory equipment and apparatus for analyzing herbal materials according to pharmacopoeial standards, preparing and optimizing procedures for obtaining medicinal plant preparations, isolating essential oils, and separating and isolating individual active principles for analytical and biological studies.

The current staff leading the teaching process at the Department are Kemal Durić, appointed a Full Professor in 2021, and Haris Nikšić, appointed an Associate Professor in 2020.

The Department studies natural medicinal compounds present in plants, animals, and microbes, from land and sea. Recent research includes phytotherapy and dietary supplements. A large number of plant species represent an inexhaustible source for research, and the results from such studies increase the possibility of safer use of herbal preparations in global health care.

Throughout its existence, the teaching staff of the Department has significantly contributed to the work, management, development, and improvement of the Faculty through two deans, vice-deans for education, doctoral program coordinators, and numerous other functions and activities.

In teaching and research activities, the Department actively uses and teaches English, Italian, German, Hungarian, French, and Slovenian languages.

Teaching and professional staff currently involved in the teaching process

• Full Professor Elvira Kovač-Bešović, 1974–2017.
• Full Professor Kemal Durić, from 2001 until today
• Associate Professor Haris Nikšić, from 2007 until today
• Senior Assistant Irma Gušić, from 2017 until today
• Senior Assistant Emina Korić, from 2018 until today

Teaching activities

The programs offered by the Department within compulsory and elective courses include well-designed curricula that keep pace with the latest achievements in the mentioned fields, catering to students of integrated and third-cycle studies. The Department serves as a scientific base for conducting theoretical and practical parts of research and teaching in the third-cycle studies and specialization in Phytopharmacy, in cooperation with the Ministry of Health of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

As part of the lifelong learning program, the Department organizes the School of Applied Phytotherapy, aimed at graduates in biomedical disciplines. Its goal is to meet the increasing demands of pharmacists, physicians, and others working in the production and application of natural products, as well as the ongoing educational requirements mandated by law for these professions.

The teaching staff of the Department contributes to the development and participates in the implementation of educational programs for students of integrated and third-cycle studies at other public universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, including the Faculty of Pharmacy in Tuzla and the University of „Džemal Bijedić“ in Mostar.

In addition, the instructors conduct and organize continuous professional education in Phytotherapy and Homeopathy for all healthcare workers in collaboration with professional associations and chambers of pharmacists.

Furthermore, the instructors participate as lecturers in lifelong learning programs at the Universities of Ljubljana and Zagreb.

Academic and professional activities

Metabolites from natural sources throughout the phylogenetic tree have always played a crucial role in pharmacy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, drug discovery, and medicine. Their separation, chemical analysis, and pharmacological/biological evaluation are key elements of modern pharmacognosy, making it a highly interdisciplinary area of research. This is why, from a scientific and professional standpoint, the Department has established collaborations with numerous other institutions, serving as a base for master's, doctoral, specialist theses, and scientific reasearch projects. In this regard, interdisciplinary teams collaborate on a large number of projects, including staff from the Department and the Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Sarajevo, the Faculty of Forestry at the University of Sarajevo, the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Sarajevo, the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Ljubljana, the Institute of Pharmacognosy at the University of Zagreb, the Institute for Research on Natural Products at the University of Illinois Chicago, and the Institute of Natural Sciences at the University of Trieste.

As part of their professional activities, teaching staff from the Department, specialists in the field of phytopharmacy, in collaboration with the Ministry of Health of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, provide expert and scientific opinions for plant-based products registered in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina area. The teaching staff of the Department have participated in the work of numerous committees for the preparation of master's, doctoral, and specialist theses. Kemal Durić, Full Professor, was the first recipient of the Fulbright scholarship at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, during which he spent the academic year 2015–2016 as a researcher at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago. Kemal Durić, Full Professor, as a member of the Pharmacopoeia Commission representing the Agency for Medicines of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was one of the authors involved in the preparation of the first edition of the Pharmacopoeia of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2022).

The teaching staff of the Department are members of the Society for Medicinal Plants and Natural Product Research (GA).

Historija Katedre

Katedra je osnovana na Farmaceutskom fakultetu 1975/76. godine, kada su zbog nedostatka nastavnog kadra nastavu izvodili profesori Farmaceutsko-biokemijskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. U tom periodu održavana je nastava iz predmeta Farmaceutska tehnologija, koji se kao jedan predmet izučavao tokom dva semestra na četvrtoj godini studija. Uključivao je teorijsku, praktičnu i kontroliranu nastavu, te završni usmeni ispit. Praktična nastava jednim dijelom odvijala se u prostorijama Apoteke „Koševo“, dok se industrijski dio praktične nastave provodio u „Bosnalijeku“.

Počevši od akademske 1978/79, zbog narušenog zdravstvenog stanja dotadašnjeg nastavnika prof. dr. Ivana Štivića, izvođenje nastave na Katedri za farmaceutsku tehnologiju preuzima Katedra za farmaceutsku tehnologiju Farmaceutskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu.

Od akademske 1981/82. za Katedru i cjelokupan program nastave na predmetu Farmaceutska tehnologija postaje odgovorna doc. dr. Sabira Hadžović, koja je do tog momenta vodila industrijski dio praktične nastave, a na poziciji rukovoditeljice Katedre zadržala se do odlaska u mirovinu 2001. godine.

Zahvaljujući usvajanju inoviranog programa nastave u 1991. godini studij na Farmaceutskom fakultetu počinje trajati pet godina i završava se diplomskim radom. Navedena izmjena programa nastave rezultirala je izučavanjem dvaju kolegija na Katedri za farmaceutsku tehnologiju. Nekadašnji dvosemestralni predmet Farmaceutska tehnologija tada biva konvertiran u Farmaceutsku tehnologiju I i Farmaceutsku tehnologiju II, koji se izučavaju na IV i V godini studija.

Nakon usvajanja novog Nastavnog plana i programa 1998. godine kolegij Farmaceutska tehnologija I preimenovan je u kolegij Oblikovanje lijekova, dok je kolegij Farmaceutska tehnologija II preimenovan u kolegij Industrijska farmacija.

Kada je zbog prihvatanja principa bolonjskog sistema studiranja na Univerzitetu u Sarajevu usvojen inovirani Nastavni plan i program 2009/2010. godine, svi predmeti koji se izučavaju na Katedri postaju jednosemestralni i uvode se izborni predmeti. Kao redovni predmeti izučavaju se Oblikovanje lijekova I u VII semestru, Oblikovanje lijekova II i Industrijska farmacija I u VIII semestru, te Industrijska farmacija II u IX semestru. U okviru Katedre izučavaju se izborni predmeti Odabrana poglavlja iz Oblikovanja lijekova – Kozmetologija u VIII semestru, Odabrana poglavlja iz Industrijske farmacije – Stabilnost u IX semestru, te od akademske 2015/2016. i predmet Odabrana poglavlja iz Oblikovanja lijekova – Certifikacijski standardi u apoteci.

Nastavno-naučno i stručno osoblje koje trenutno sudjeluje u nastavi

Prof. dr. Edina Vranić redovna profesorica Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en	Prof. dr. Jasmina Hadžiabdić vanredna profesorica Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en	Prof. dr. Ognjenka Rahić vanredna profesorica Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en	Prof. dr. Alisa Elezović vanredna profesorica Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en

Lamija Hindija, mr. ph. viša asistentica Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en	Merima Šahinović, mr. ph.  viša asistentica Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en	Amina Tucak-Smajić, mr. ph. viša asistentica Google Scholar ORCID CV   |   CV-en

Nastavna djelatnost

Katedra za farmaceutsku tehnologiju na Univerzitetu u Sarajevu – Farmaceutskom fakultetu zadužena je za razvoj i izvođenje sljedećih predmeta u okviru naučne oblasti farmaceutska tehnologija: Oblikovanje lijekova I, Oblikovanje lijekova II, Odabrana poglavlja iz oblikovanja lijekova – Kozmetologija, Odabrana poglavlja iz oblikovanja lijekova – Certifikacijski standardi u apoteci, Industrijska farmacija I, Industrijska farmacija II, Odabrana poglavlja iz industrijske farmacije – Stabilnost lijekova.

Zahvaljujući preciziranim ciljevima navedenih predmeta studenti razumijevaju metodologiju i osposobljavaju se za formuliranje, izradu, vrednovanje, pravilan način primjene i metode uzorkovanja standardnih i savremenih farmaceutskih oblika, kozmetičkih te ekstraktivnih preparata, kako u laboratorijskom tako i u industrijskom opsegu. Navedenim se osigurava osnova za originalno razvijanje ideja i daljnju nadgradnju. Studenti se osposobljavaju da prepoznaju i primjenjuju zakonske smjernice i pravila dobrih praksi u razvoju, proizvodnji i testiranju lijekova u industrijskom opsegu, kao i važeće smjernice za testiranje stabilnosti. Na taj se način stvara mogućnost poređenja i odabira adekvatne farmaceutsko-tehnološke operacije u proizvodnji, te predviđanja eventualnih problema, kao i predlaganja rješenja u toku proizvodnog procesa. Ovako stečena znanja osposobljavaju studenta za rad na razvoju, formulaciji, pretformulaciji i karakterizaciji farmaceutskih oblika, procjeni njihove stabilnosti (roka trajanja, načina pakovanja i uslova čuvanja) i biofarmaceutskoj karakterizaciji.

Pored provođenja nastave na dodiplomskom studiju Katedra za farmaceutsku tehnologiju provodi nastavu i u okviru III ciklusa studija počevši od njegovog osnivanja 2014. godine. Nastava obuhvata sljedeće predmete u okviru naučne oblasti farmaceutska tehnologija: Pretformulacijske studije i razvoj farmaceutskih oblika, Odabrana poglavlja iz fizikalne farmacije, Savremeni farmaceutski oblici i Odabrana poglavlja iz kozmetologije.

Ishodi učenja navedenih predmeta obuhvataju savladavanje metodologije i principa pretformulacijskih studija i razvoja farmaceutskih oblika, poboljšanja topivosti teško topivih supstanci, izrade savremenih farmaceutskih oblika. Sposobnost samostalnog razmatranja, definiranja i rješavanje problema značajnih za pretformulacijske studije i razvoj farmaceutskih oblika, uključujući i poboljšanje topivosti teško topivih supstanci, savremene farmaceutske oblike i kozmetičke proizvode, njihovu karakterizaciju, sposobnost rješavanja konkretnih problema primjenom naučnih metoda i postupaka, te tehnologije proizvodnje različitih kozmetičkih proizvoda i dermatokozmetičkih preparata.

Program cjeloživotnog učenja „Formulab: formuliranje preparata za njegu kože“ kreirala je i pokrenula prof. dr. Alisa Elezović 2019. godine, a namijenjen je visokoobrazovanom kadru, prvenstveno magistrima farmacije. Cilj je ojačati domaće kapacitete na polju razvoja novih formulacija kozmetičkih preparata, te njihove proizvodnje i stavljanja na tržište, kako na domaće tako i na svjetsko. S obzirom na ovaj krovni cilj, specifični ciljevi programa jesu obuka polaznika praktičnim pristupom o poznavanju materijala i tehnologija izrade kozmetike za njegu kože, mogućnostima kreiranja novih kozmetičkih proizvoda, osnovnim zahtjevima kvaliteta prije stavljanja preparata na tržište, te involviranosti formulatora u marketing proizvoda.

Pored aktivnosti u obrazovanju Katedra za farmaceutsku tehnologiju bavi se naučnim, zdravstvenim i profesionalnim aktivnostima. Katedra organizira specijalističke studije iz farmaceutske tehnologije, koju zahtijeva sistem zdravstvene zaštite.

Naučna i stručna djelatnost

Naučna i stručna djelatnost Katedre za farmaceutsku tehnologiju usmjerena je na razvoj i karakterizaciju savremenih oblika doziranja lijekova, kako s trenutnim tako i s kontroliranim oslobađanjem aktivne supstance. Glavna područja istraživanja obuhvataju:

• pretformulacijska ispitivanja aktivnih supstanci (DSC, TGA, HSM, studije kompatibilnosti, reološka ispitivanja);
• metode poboljšanja topivosti teško topivih supstanci (kompleksiranje, čvrste disperzije);
• formulacijske studije i formuliranje čvrstih oblika doziranja (tablete, pelete, kapsule);
• formulacijske studije i formuliranje oblika doziranja s kontroliranim i pulsirajućim oslobađanjem aktivne supstance;
• formulacijske studije i formuliranje tečnih i polučvrstih farmaceutskih oblika (suspenzije, emulzije, mikroemulzije, mikroklizme, ljekoviti lakovi za nokte) i kozmetičkih preparata;
• razvoj metoda za pretformulacijska i formulacijska ispitivanja aktivnih i pomoćnih supstanci, poluproizvoda i gotovih proizvoda (ispitivanje permeacije kroz prirodne i vještačke membrane, metode određivanja oslobađanja aktivne supstance iz ljekovitog oblika);
• in vitro ispitivanja čvrstih, polučvrstih i tečnih oblika doziranja;
• nanostrukturirane materijale.

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY

History of the Department

The Department was established at the Faculty of Pharmacy in the 1975/76 academic year when, due to a shortage of teaching staff, classes were delivered by professors from the Faculty of Pharmacy at the University of Zagreb. During that period, lectures were held in the course Pharmaceutical Technology, which was studied as a single course over two semesters in the fourth year of study. The course included theoretical, practical, and controlled instruction, as well as a final oral examination. Internship took place partly on the premises of the ‘Koševo’ pharmacy, while the industrial part of internship was organized at ‘Bosnalijek’.

Starting from the 1978/79 academic year, due to the deteriorating health of the previous instructor, Full Professor Ivan Štivić, the teaching responsibilities for the Department of Pharmaceutical Technology were taken over by the Department of Pharmaceutical Technology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade.

Starting from the 1981/82 academic year, Assistant Professor. Sabira Hadžović assumed responsibility for the Department and the entire curriculum related to the subject of Pharmaceutical Technology. She had previously headed the industrial part of internship and remained in the position of department head until her retirement in 2001.

Thanks to the adoption of an innovative curriculum in 1991, the study program at the Faculty of Pharmacy extended to five years and concluded with a master’s thesis. This change in the curriculum led to the study of two courses within the Department of Pharmaceutical Technology. The former two-semester course Pharmaceutical Technology was then split into Pharmaceutical Technology I and Pharmaceutical Technology II, which are studied in the fourth and fifth years of study.

After the adoption of a new curriculum in 1998, the course Pharmaceutical Technology I was renamed to Drug Formulation, while Pharmaceutical Technology II became Industrial Pharmacy.

Subsequently, due to the implementation of the Bologna-based system of education at the University of Sarajevo, an updated curriculum was adopted in the 2009/2010 academic year. All courses taught within the department became one-semester courses, and elective ones were introduced. Compulsory courses include Drug Formulation I in the seventh semester, Drug Formulation II and Industrial Pharmacy I in the eighth semester, and Industrial Pharmacy II in the ninth semester. Elective courses within the department cover topics such as Selected Topics in Drug Formulation – Cosmetology in the eighth semester and Selected Topics in Industrial Pharmacy – Stability in the ninth semester. Additionally, starting from the 2015/2016 academic year, the course Selected Topics in Drug Formulation – Certification Standards in Pharmacy is also offered.

Teaching and professional staff currently involved in the teaching process

• Full Professor Edina Vranić, from 1994
• Associate Professor Jasmina Hadžiabdić, from 1996
• Associate Professor Ognjenka Rahić, from 2008
• Associate Professor Alisa Elezović, from 2005
• Senior Teaching and Research Assistant Lamija Hindija, MPharm., from 2018
• Senior Teaching and Research Assistant Merima Šahinović, MPharm., from 2018
• Senior Teaching and Research Assistant Amina Tucak-Smajić, MPharm., from 2018

Teaching activities

The Department of Pharmaceutical Technology at the University of Sarajevo – Faculty of Pharmacy is responsible for the development and delivery of the following courses within the scientific area of Pharmaceutical Technology: Drug Formulation I, Drug Formulation II, Selected Topics in Drug Formulation – Cosmetology, Selected Topics in Drug Formulation – Certification Standards in Pharmacy, Industrial Pharmacy I, Industrial Pharmacy II, and Selected Topics in Industrial Pharmacy – Drug Stability.

Thanks to the precise objectives of these courses, students become able to understand the methodology and are trained in formulating, manufacturing, evaluating, proper administration methods, and sampling techniques for standard and contemporary pharmaceutical forms, cosmetics, and extractive preparations, both in laboratory and industrial settings. This provides a foundation for original idea development and further advancement. Students become able to recognize and apply legal guidelines and good practices in the development, production, and testing of drugs on an industrial scale, as well as relevant stability testing guidelines. This enables the comparison and selection of appropriate pharmaceutical-technological operations in production, prediction of potential issues, and proposing solutions during the production process. The knowledge acquired in this way prepares students to work on the development, formulation, pre-formulation, and characterization of pharmaceutical forms, as well as assessing their stability (shelf life, packaging methods, and storage conditions) and bio-pharmaceutical characterization.

In addition to being involved in undergraduate education, the Department of Pharmaceutical Technology also offers courses within the framework of the third cycle of studies, starting from its establishment in 2014. The courses cover the following subjects in the scientific area of Pharmaceutical Technology: Preformulation studies and development of pharmaceutical forms, Selected chapters in physical pharmacy, Contemporary pharmaceutical forms, and Selected chapters in cosmetology.

The learning outcomes of these courses include mastering the methodology and principles of preformulation studies and pharmaceutical form development, improving the solubility of poorly soluble substances, and creating contemporary pharmaceutical forms. Students gain the ability to independently analyze, define, and solve problems relevant to preformulation studies and pharmaceutical form development, including enhancing the solubility of poorly soluble substances, modern pharmaceutical forms, and cosmetic products. Additionally, they acquire the skills to address specific issues using scientific methods and procedures, as well as the technology for manufacturing various cosmetic products and dermocosmetic preparations

The lifelong learning program „Formulab: formulation of skin care products“ was created and launched by Associate Professor Alisa Elezović in 2019, and it is intended for highly educated professionals, primarily masters of pharmacy. The aim is to strengthen domestic capacities in the field of developing new formulations of cosmetic preparations, as well as their production and marketing, both nationally and internationally. With regard to this overarching goal, the specific goals of the program are to train participants with a practical approach to knowledge of the materials and technologies for the production of skin care cosmetics, the possibilities of creating new cosmetic products, the basic quality requirements before placing the product on the market, and the involvement of formulators in product marketing.

In addition to educational activities, the Department of Pharmaceutical Technology is engaged in scientific, health-related, and professional activities. The department organizes specialized studies in pharmaceutical technology, which are required by the healthcare system.

Academic and professional activities

The academic and professional activities of the Department of Pharmaceutical Technology are focused on the development and characterization of modern drug dosage forms, both immediate-release and controlled-release formulations. The main research areas include:

• preformulation studies of active substances (DSC, TGA, HSM, compatibility studies, rheological testing);
• methods for improving the solubility of poorly soluble substances (complexation, solid dispersions);
• formulation studies and development of solid dosage forms (tablets, pellets, capsules);
• formulation studies and development of dosage forms with controlled and pulsatile drug release;
• formulation studies and development of liquid and semi-solid pharmaceutical forms (suspensions, emulsions, microemulsions, microclysters, medicated nail lacquers) and cosmetic preparations;
• development of methods for preformulation and formulation testing of active and auxiliary substances, intermediates, and finished products (permeation testing through natural and artificial membranes, methods for determining drug release from medicinal forms);
• in vitro testing of solid, semi-solid, and liquid dosage forms;
• nanostructured materials

.